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28 paper(s) found
IDENTIFICATION OF SNPs IN THE EXON 2 REGION OF MHC CLASS II GENE (BoLA DRALPHA) IN WHITE FULANI AND ITS HYBRID
Authors:
Oladejo O. A., Oguntunji A. O., Oyelade D. A., Adeniran O. P., Ajao S. G. and Olayiwola Z. A.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 73 – 76
Downloads: 2
IDENTIFICATION OF SNPs IN THE EXON 2 REGION OF MHC CLASS II GENE (BoLA DRALPHA) IN WHITE FULANI AND ITS HYBRID
This study characterized single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within exon 2 of the BoLA-DR-ALPHA
gene across White Fulani cattle (Bos indicus) and their hybrid counterparts in Nigeria. As a critical
component of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II pathway, BoLA-DR-ALPHA
facilitates antigen presentation and influences disease resilience. Through bidirectional Sanger sequencing
of 30 genomic samples (15 pure White Fulani, 15 White Fulani × Girolando/Holstein hybrids), we identified
23 SNPs, including 14 non-synonymous variants. Hybrid populations exhibited 56% greater SNP diversity
alongside elevated heterozygosity values (0.68 versus 0.45 in purebreds). Phylogenetic reconstruction
revealed distinct clustering of White Fulani with Bos taurus, whereas hybrids demonstrated genetic
introgression from Sokoto Gudali lineages. Computational predictions identified five non-synonymous
SNPs with potentially deleterious impacts on antigen-binding function. These findings illuminate the role
of BoLA-DR-ALPHA diversity in tropical adaptation and inform strategies for preserving disease resilience
within crossbreeding initiatives.
GENETIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG GROWTH BIOMETRICS OF INDIGENOUS RED SOKOTO AND EXOTIC BOER GOATS IN SEMI ARID, KANO
Authors:
Muhammad, H. A. and Garba, Y
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 68 – 72
Downloads: 2
GENETIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG GROWTH BIOMETRICS OF INDIGENOUS RED SOKOTO AND EXOTIC BOER GOATS IN SEMI ARID, KANO
The study aims to determine relationship among growth biometrics of Red Sokoto and exotic Boer
breeds. Live body weights (kg) and morphometric traits (cm) of the two breeds were measured on
monthly basis for a period of one year at the goat herd of the Centre for Dryland Agriculture, Bayero
University, Kano. Data analyses were executed using JMP pro 14.0 Statistical Analysis System (SAS).
The result revealed positive and highly significant (p<0.01) correlations between body weight and most of
the morphometric variables for the Boer breed. It was observed that strong positive relationship exists
between body weight and wither height, hip height, body length, chest depth and heart girth (r = 0.73;
0.72; 0.71; 0.75 and 0.86), respectively. Heart girth was high and positively correlated to wither height,
hip height, right horn length, left horn length, body length and chest depth (r=0.75; 0.74; 0.78; 0.77; 0.71
and 0.79), respectively. In comparison to the Boer goats, Red Sokoto goats recorded from small to
positive significant (p<0.05) correlation coefficients between body weight and other measured traits.
However, highest correlation coefficients were observed in hip height with wither height (r = 0.79) and
left horn length with right horn length (r = 0.95). The positive correlations in these traits showed they are
influenced by the same genes. Therefore, selecting for one trait will likely lead to improvement in the
other correlated trait.
GENETIC PARAMETERS AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE SAUSAGE TREE (Kigelia africana) SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH AND BIOMETRIC TRAITS IN NOILER CHICKS
Authors:
Maduako, J. O., Uberu, N. P., Onodugo, M. O., Udeh, F. U., Dim. C. E. and Umeugokwe P. I
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 62 – 67
Downloads: 2
GENETIC PARAMETERS AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS OF THE SAUSAGE TREE (Kigelia africana) SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH AND BIOMETRIC TRAITS IN NOILER CHICKS
Noiler chickens, a hybrid breed developed for dual-purpose production, exhibit unique genetic parameters
for growth and linear body measurements traits. This study presents estimates of heritability (h²) and genetic
correlations (rG) for live body weight (LBW) and linear body measurements (body length (BL), shank
length (SL), wing length (WL), chest girth (CG), wing span (WS), and comb length (CL) in Noiler chicks
at 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, derived from a paternal half-sib mating arrangement involving 63 chicks.
Heritability was calculated as h² = σ²s / (σ²s + σ²w), and genetic correlations as rG = σA1A2 / √(σ²A1 ×
σ²A2). Data obtained in the Completely Randomized Experimental (CRD) layout were analyzed using
One- way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results showed moderate to high h2
for LBW (0.20–0.45), BL
(0.33–0.45), and CG (0.25–0.45), indicating reasonable potential for genetic selection. On the other hand,
WS (0.06–0.17) and CL (0.15) exhibited very low h2
, suggesting greater environmental influences on the
phenotypic values obtained. Furthermore, strong positive correlations of (rG = 0.450/ 0.593) between LBW
and CG/ WL respectively, observed at mid-growth stages support multi-trait selection for improved carcass
yield and body conformation. This study provides foundational information that can aid breeding
programmes to enhance productivity of the Noiler in tropical environments, particularly in Nigeria.
DEVELOPMENT OF PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ESTIMATING BODY WEIGHT IN SHEEP AND GOAT USING LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS
Authors:
Abba Mohammed, Umar Auwal, Shattima, Mustapha Maryam, Abdulyekeen Olanrewaju,
Abdulraheem Modu-kagu Hajja Ashe, Jibrin Aliyu and Alade Kehinde Nurudeen
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 58 – 61
Downloads: 2
DEVELOPMENT OF PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ESTIMATING BODY WEIGHT IN SHEEP AND GOAT USING LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS
Body weight estimation in small ruminants such as sheep and goats is essential for making informed
decisions related to nutrition, health management, selection, and breeding. In many rural and resourcelimited settings, direct weighing is impractical due to lack of facilities. This study aimed at developing
and validating a predictive model to estimate live weight in sheep and goats using linear body
measurements. A total of 200 animals were assessed, with data collected on live weight, body length
(BL), height at withers (HW), and heart girth (HG). Multiple linear regression models were developed
and evaluated. The results analyzed using SPSS v20 demonstrated a strong relationship between these
morphometric traits and body weight (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.05). Among the traits, heart girth and body length
were the most consistent and significant predictors of body weight. The study presents a practical, costeffective tool for farmers, extension workers, and animal scientists for rapid estimation of live weight
in field conditions, thereby reducing dependence on conventional weighing equipment and
improvement livestock management decisions.
ANALYSES OF EXON 10 OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR GENE IN MEAT-TYPE FUNAAB ALPHA CHICKEN GENOTYPES
Authors:
Oyewoga, A.T, Ozoje, M.O, Durosaro, S.O, Sule, R and Oloko, A.B.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 54 – 57
Downloads: 4
ANALYSES OF EXON 10 OF THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR GENE IN MEAT-TYPE FUNAAB ALPHA CHICKEN GENOTYPES
The thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene is involved in growth regulation, brain
development, behaviour and other chemical reactions in the body. This study analysed TSHR gene (exon
10) in meat-type FUNAAB Alpha chickens. Blood samples were collected from 32 meat-type FUNAAB
Alpha chickens comprising normal feather, naked neck and frizzle feather. Single Nucleotide
Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene were identified using Codon Code Aligner software (v.10.0.2 DEMO).
The selective forces acting on the gene were predicted with MEGA7 and PROSITE software respectively.
Two non-synonymous SNPs (614G>A and 720T>G) were identified in normal feather chickens, while one
non-synonymous SNP (863G>T) was identified in naked neck chickens. The minor allele frequencies of
the SNPs ranged from 0.13 in normal feather to 0.25 in frizzle feather chickens.
GENETIC VARIATIONS IN GROWTH TRAITS OF THREE BREEDS OF BROILER CHICKENS INOCULATED WITH Salmonella typhimurium VACCINE
Authors:
Oguntade, D.O.; Isidahomen, C.E. and Adomeh, E.E.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 49 – 53
Downloads: 1
GENETIC VARIATIONS IN GROWTH TRAITS OF THREE BREEDS OF BROILER CHICKENS INOCULATED WITH Salmonella typhimurium VACCINE
This study investigated the effect of genotype on body weights and linear traits of three breeds of broiler
chickens (Arbor acre, Ross 308, and Cobb 500) challenged with Salmonella typhimurium vaccine.
Seventy-five (75) day-old broiler chicks comprised of twenty-five (25) each of the three breeds were used
for this study. Body weight and growth traits which include body length, height, wing length, breast girth,
drum stick, shank length and thigh length of the birds were taken on a weekly basis from 1 day-old to 8
weeks of age. Data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) Procedure of SAS. The results
showed significant (P<0.05) differences in body weights and linear traits among the breeds, with Cobb
500 having the highest body weight (439.27 and 3834.27g at weeks 2 and 8 respectively) from week 2
onwards. Cobb 500 also had the longest (P<0.05) value for most linear traits examined. The study
concluded that Cobb 500 broiler chicken is heavier than Arbor Acre and Ross 308, and recommended
exploiting the genetic differences among the breeds for genetic improvement of tropical broiler breeds.
Expression Analysis of Orexin Gene in Two Nigerian Indigenous and Exotic Chickens Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
Authors:
Ige, A. O., Salawu H. O., Ajibulu, J. O., Ajibola, A. B. and Matt-Obabu, A.D
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 44 – 48
Downloads: 3
Expression Analysis of Orexin Gene in Two Nigerian Indigenous and Exotic Chickens Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
The Nigerian Indigenous Chickens are suitable for development of meat strain for tropical environment; characterized
by small body size and slow growth. The orexin gene serves as a crucial regulator of appetite, energy balance, and stress
responses in poultry and important molecular marker for understanding breed-specific physiological adaptations. This
study investigated orexin gene expression patterns in two Nigerian Indigenous Chickens which are Fulani and Yoruba
ecotypes and exotic; Cobb-500 broilers using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) technology. Total of 135
birds (45 per breed) were reared for four weeks, after which liver tissue samples were collected for RNA extraction and
analysis. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) was extracted using the Zymo RNA mini prep kit, followed by cDNA synthesis and
qPCR analysis using Luna® Universal qPCR Mastermix. The TATA box binding protein served as the housekeeping
gene for normalization. Gene expression was quantified using the 2^-ΔΔCT method (Livak method) to determine fold
changes between breeds. Results revealed significant inter-breed variations in orexin expression levels (P < 0.05). The
Fulani chickens demonstrated higher expression (1.37-fold), then Cobb-500 broilers (0.35-fold), while Yoruba ecotype
chickens had lower expression (0.02-fold). Melt curve analysis confirmed primer specificity and amplification
consistency across all samples. The findings suggested that elevated orexin expression in Fulani chickens may reflect
superior physiological adaptability and energy regulation capabilities, supporting their resilience in variable
environmental conditions. The differential expression patterns highlight orexin's potential as a molecular marker for
selective breeding programs aimed at improving indigenous chicken productivity while maintaining genetic diversity
and environmental adaptability.
GENETIC VARIATION AND BODY WEIGHT AND LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS OF THREE NIGERIAN LOCAL CHICKEN STRAINS.
Authors:
Isaac, L, J.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 40 – 43
Downloads: 1
GENETIC VARIATION AND BODY WEIGHT AND LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS OF THREE NIGERIAN LOCAL CHICKEN STRAINS.
The body weight and linear body measurements of the Nigerian local chicken strains were studied with a view to assess their relationship and contribution to the growth of the birds. A total of three hundred (300) local chicken strains comprising one hundred (100) frizzle feathered (FF), one hundred (100) naked neck (NN) and one hundred
(100) normal feathered (NM) birds each replicated ten (10) times with ten (10) birds per replicate, were used in the
study. Data on body weight (BW) in grams (g) and linear body measurements (cm) – body length (BL), heart girth
(HG), neck length (NL) and shank length (SL) were collected weekly for ten (10) weeks and analyzed in a completely
randomized design (CRD) of SAS, statistical package. Significantly different means were separated using the
Duncan multiple range test (DMRT). Results showed that there were significant (p<0.05) variations in BW, BL, NL
and SL, an indication that breed differences is implicated in the growth and development of chickens.
Polymorphism of NRAMP1 Gene and Association with Haematological Parameters of Chickens Inoculated with Attenuated Salmonella enteritidis
Authors:
Ojua, O. E., Adedeji, T. A., Oyelami, D. O. and Matt-Obabu, A.D
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 35 – 39
Downloads: 1
Polymorphism of NRAMP1 Gene and Association with Haematological Parameters of Chickens Inoculated with Attenuated Salmonella enteritidis
Poultry production is plagued with many severe diseases and one of them is salmonellosis. Treatment of this disease with antibiotics often leads to bacteria-resistance strains and accumulation of antibiotics residue in food, hence the need to use a safer method of treatment. NRAMP 1 is a candidate gene for natural immune response associated with Salmonella enteritidis. One hundred and twenty pure breed progenies generated from Naked neck, Fulani ecotype and Sasso chickens were reared together from day old to 8 weeks. At 7 weeks 10 birds were randomly selected from each genotype and 2ml of blood sample were obtained from each bird for laboratory analysis. The selected birds were inoculated with attenuated S. enteritidis at week 8 and thereafter 2ml of blood was obtained from each bird’s jugular vein for laboratory analysis. Data were collected on Packed Cell Volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (HB), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration (MCHC), White Blood Cell (WBC), Neutrophils (N), Lymphocytes (L), Monocytes (M), Basophils (B), Eosinophils (E) and Platelet (PLT). The result revealed that genotype and inoculation of Salmonella had significant (p0.05). Sasso chickens had Eosinophilis values before and after (0.00±0.00 and 1.37±0.65), NN (0.50±0.50 and 1.50±0.50) and FE (0.00±0.00). Conclusively, there was a significant effect of genotype on all haematological parameters except eosinophils before and after inoculation. Naked neck had the highest values in all
parameters except for mean corpuscular haemoglobin and lymphocytes.
Predicting Body Weight in Pullets Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors:
Aliyu, A.M., Yahuza, S., Abdulhamid, S.U. Rotimi, E. A., Bature, I., Bichi, A.A., Z. S. Jibia., and Mustapha, Y.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 30 – 34
Downloads: 1
Predicting Body Weight in Pullets Using Machine Learning Techniques
This study explores the use of machine learning to predict the body weight of pullets based on noninvasive morphometric traits. Data from 100 Isa Brown birds, including body weight, length, girth, and limb dimensions, were analysed using four models: Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Linear Regression (LR), Regression Tree (RT), and Kernel Regression (KR) and evaluated using key metrics: R-Squared (R2), Determination Coefficient (R), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). GPR delivered the highest accuracy (R² = 0.99 testing, 0.95 validation) with the lowest RMSE values, outperforming other models. To determine the most effective model, performance outcomes were compared across all algorithms. GPR ultimately demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, indicating its suitability for real-world poultry applications.
ASSESSMENT OF EGG PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN TWO GENETIC LINES OF SHIKABROWN® CHICKEN UNDER THE PREVAILING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
Authors:
Patrick, O.L, Kabir, M. and Olutunmogun, A.K
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 24 – 29
Downloads: 1
ASSESSMENT OF EGG PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE IN TWO GENETIC LINES OF SHIKABROWN® CHICKEN UNDER THE PREVAILING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ZARIA, NIGERIA
Climate change poses a growing threat to livestock productivity, particularly in poultry systems reliant on optimal thermal conditions. Meteorological data on selected weather variables - temperature and relative humidity – were collected at the National Animal Production Institute weather station over twenty (20) weeks laying period to determine its real-time effects on Hen-house egg production of 100 progenies each from the two genetic lines (Sire and Dam line) of ShikaBrown® breed. The research employed multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics to estimate short-term impacts of
weather elements over the period. The study found significant (p<0.01) real-time effects of temperature (–7.685) and humidity (–3.568) on egg production. Temperature showed a decreasing trend with the minimum (19.10°C) and maximum temperature (35.00°C) in the month of January at weeks 12 and in November at weeks 4. A minimum of 10% humidity is observed across all weeks, while the highest of 41% was recorded in November at week 1. The findings emphasized production planning with seasonal
forecasts and the need for timely climate-adapted management strategies to sustain productivity under changing climatic conditions in tropical regions.
PRELIMINARY SCREENING ON NIGERIAN CHICKEN-TYPES FOR EXTINCTION PROBABILITY
Authors:
Abdulyekeen Olanrewaju Abdulraheem, Bashar Ali Adamu, Abba Mohammed, Jummai
Adamu, Jimoh Olalekan Aremu, Abdulrazaq Onimisi Raji, and Jibrin Aliyu
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 20 – 23
Downloads: 1
PRELIMINARY SCREENING ON NIGERIAN CHICKEN-TYPES FOR EXTINCTION PROBABILITY
This study was conducted in Borno state to assess the extinction risk of sixty (60) 6-Nigerian indigenous chicken-types; normal feathered, frizzle feathered, naked neck, shank feathered, crested feathered and rose comb based on a range of socio-economic and genetic factors. The research employed data from 60 households and examined variables including population size (POS), changes in population over the last five years (CHA), disease control (DC), economic development (ECO), cultural importance (CUL), and conservation practices (CON). Genetic diversity was assessed using heamoglobin polymorphism. The estimated extinction probabilities for the genotypes calculated based on these factors revealed an overall extinction probability of 0.58 indicating a moderate to high risk of extinction. Frizzle feathered and naked neck chickens had the highest extinction risks (0.78 and 0.73) while shank feathered chicken had the lowest
(0.28). Genetic analysis revealed varying levels of genetic distinctness between and among the chicken types, with the naked neck and normal feathered chickens showing the greatest genetic differentiation. These findings underscored the importance of targeted conservation efforts, including improved production systems, disease control, and strategic breeding programmes, to reduce extinction risks and preserve the genetic diversity of these Nigerian chicken-types. This result should be confirmed using advanced nucleic acid-based technique.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF DONKEYS IN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA
Authors:
Raji, A.O. and Adamu, J.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 15 – 19
Downloads: 1
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF MORPHOMETRIC TRAITS OF DONKEYS IN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA
The principal component analysis of donkey in Sahel agro- ecological zone of north eastern Nigeria was evaluated. A total number of 200 donkeys were sampled randomly comprising of both males and females from donkey owners in Borno and Yobe state and were used for the study. Body weight was estimated by taking readings round the circumference of the chest girth. The body morphometric traits evaluated include: ear length (EL), height at withers(HW), body length (BL), head length (HL), height at wither (HW) and body weight. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to identify the main components to explain the proportion of the variance in animals’ morphometric. Principal component analysis was analyzed using SPSS version 20 by dimension reduction procedures. A total of 6 principal components (6PCs) were obtained from 12 body measurements in donkeys with 62.06 % of the total variance in body measurements. The Kaiser -mayer - olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test were accurate with the values of 0.67 for KMO. It can be concluded that back length with the PC1 with the total variance of 22.09%, cumulative % of 17.43% and eigen value of 3.75. The body measurement in PC1 can be used as a selection criterion to improve the performance traits of donkeys.
INFLUENCES OF SEASONS AND REBREEDING INTERVALS ON GROWTH INDICES OF KITS OF HYLA RABBITS IN SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA
Authors:
Akilapa, T. P
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 10 – 14
Downloads: 1
INFLUENCES OF SEASONS AND REBREEDING INTERVALS ON GROWTH INDICES OF KITS OF HYLA RABBITS IN SOUTH-WEST, NIGERIA
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of seasons and rebreeding intervals on the growth of kits of Hyla rabbits. Forty mature rabbits, comprising thirty-two does and eight bucks of an average body weight of 2,600 ± 100 g, were used for the study. Records of growth indices of kits from thirty-two does in four sub-seasons of a year: late rain (S1), early dry (S2), late dry (S3), and early rain (S4) were used to determine the seasonal effects. The thirty-two does were randomly allotted into four experimental treatments: two-week (T1), four-week (T2), six-week (T3), and eight-week (T4) rebreeding intervals to examine the influences of rebreeding intervals on the kits. Data obtained were subjected to one-way analysis of variance. The results showed that litter weaning weight (LWW), average weaning weight (AWW), litter size at the 12th week, and litter weight at the 12th week were significantly (p<0.05) higher in both late rain (S1) (2544.52 g, 516.52 g, 4.17, and 5436.39 g, respectively) and early dry (S2) (2340.74 g, 480.39 g, 4.04, and 4986.13 g, respectively). LWW, AWW, and average weight at the 12th week were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the six-week rebreeding interval (T3) (2576.40 g, 546.75 g, and 1318.30 g, respectively). However, mortality between weaning and the 12th week was significantly (p<0.05) higher in S3 (13.94), S4 (14.39), and T1 (10.40). It was concluded that late rain, early dry seasons, and a six-week rebreeding interval had favourable influences on the growth of kits of Hyla rabbits
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF BODY WEIGHT AND GROWTH CONFORMATION TRAITS OF SOME NIGRIAN BREEDS OF CATTLE
Authors:
John, P.A., Kabir, M., Iyiola-Tunji, A.O., Millam, J.J. and Okeke, R.O
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 5 – 9
Downloads: 1
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS OF BODY WEIGHT AND GROWTH CONFORMATION TRAITS OF SOME NIGRIAN BREEDS OF CATTLE
A study was conducted to determine the discriminant function analysis of body weight and body conformation traits among selected Nigerian indigenous cattle. Four (4) Local Government Areas (LGAs) from Adamawa and Taraba States, three (3) from Gombe State and two (2) from Sokoto State were selected. Snowball sampling method was used to sample (1,008) cattle, which consists of 162 Adamawa Gudali, (306) Sokoto Gudali, (234) Bunaji and (306) Rahaji cattle from pastoralists in most communities of the LGAs using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected on body weight, face length, head width, horn length, ear length, neck length, neck circumference, fore leg length, height at withers, chest girth, body length, loin girth, rump height, rear leg length and tail length. Discriminant function analysis was used to determine the variable with discriminating power and large canonical coefficients among variables using (SAS) statistical software package. Significant (p<0.05; 0.01) discriminating powers were observed among other variables measured, such as height at wither (0.7402), body weight (0.7272), chest girth (0.6356), rump height (0.6321), body length (0.6266), face length (0.5038), loin girth (0.4905), neck circumference (0.4540), fore leg length (0.4241) and rear leg length (0.4110), which had high discriminating power in the first canonical function than other variables. Neck circumference exhibited a consisted levels of discriminating power across the three functions. Significant low to high (p<0.05; 0.01) canonical correlation variances were observed in fourth (0.1779), third (0.3685), second (0.5286) and first (0.9537) functions respectively. Stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that height at withers, body weight, chest girth, rump height and body length had the best discriminating powers than other variables studied.
REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BODY WEIGHT IN FUNAAB ALPHA BROILER CHICKEN
Authors:
Obi, G. C and Wheto, M
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 1
REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BODY WEIGHT IN FUNAAB ALPHA BROILER CHICKEN
The objective of this study was to predict the bodyweight of FUNAAB Alpha broiler line of three genotypes (Normal feather, frizzle feather and necked neck) using linear body measurements. Bodyweight and three body measurements namely breast girth, shank length, and keel lengths were measured at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The birds were intensively raised, fed ad-libitum. PROG REG was used to generate regression equations for predicting bodyweight with other body measurement for each week and coefficient of determination (R2) was used to determine the best fit equation in predicting body weight with linear measurements. The genotype (frizzle feather) had the highest value
(93.28%) of R2 followed by naked neck (93.18%) and normal respectively which means as they increased in weight gain, and also male had the highest growth performance when compared with female. We can conclude that all three ecotypes of FUNAAB Alpha broiler line of chickens increased in body weight gain as the weeks increased; however, FUNAAB Alpha broiler line of frizzle feather has the highest weight gain from week 2 to week 10.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BLENDED RATIOS OF WHEAT OFFAL AND WET SORGHUM BREWER RESIDUE
Authors:
*Ayandiran, S.K., **Adedokun, M.A., **Adekunle, I and ***Olosunde, A.O
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 5
Downloads: 30
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BLENDED RATIOS OF WHEAT OFFAL AND WET SORGHUM BREWER RESIDUE
This study evaluated the chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of blended ratios of wheat offal
and wet sorghum brewer residue. Fresh wet sorghum brewer residue (WSBR) was collected from local
gin (Burukutu) producers and blended with wheat offal (w/w); 1WO: 1WSBR, 1WO: 1.5WSBR, 1WO:
1.2WSBR, 1WO: 2.5WSB, 1WO: 1.3WSBR and 1WO: 3.5WSBR, arranged in a Completely
Randomised Design. The blends were air-dried for 3 days. Samples of blended ratios were analysed for
chemical composition, and in-vitro digestibility study according to standard procedures. The dry matter
contents of ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3 and 1:3.5 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the 1:1.5 ratio. The
crude fibre content significantly increased (p<0.05) as the blended ratio increased. The carbohydrate
fractions of 1:2, 1:2.5 and 1:3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of ratios 1:1 and 1:1.5. The
neutral detergent fibre was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ratio 1:3.5 than other blended ratios
Furthermore, the hemicellulose content was significantly highest (p<0.05) in ratios 1:1.5, 1:2.5 as well as
1:3 than ratio 1:1 and least 1:3.5. The gas production was significantly highest (p<0.05) ratio 1:1 from 3 -
24 hours of in-vitro digestibility compared to other ratios. It could be therefore concluded that increasing
blended ratios of wheat offal and wet sorghum brewer residue led to improved nutrient contents and invitro dry matter digestibility.
ASSESSMENT OF SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION AND MANGE TREATMENT IN THE FIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE
Authors:
Akinlade, J.A., Ojoawo, O.T*., Oguntade, B.S., Oyewole, S.T.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 29
ASSESSMENT OF SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION AND MANGE TREATMENT IN THE FIVE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF OGBOMOSO, OYO STATE
This study examined the socio-demographic characteristics, feed resource utilization, management systems and mange prevalence of small ruminant production across five Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to livestock keepers, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests. Results revealed notable variation in age structure, gender participation, income levels, and species composition. Youth (<40 years) predominated in Ogbomoso South (26.9%) and Oriire (20.0%), while older farmers (41–50 years) were more common in Ogo-Oluwa (46.7%) and Surulere (58.6%). Women were the majority in Oriire (73.3%), Ogo-Oluwa (80.0%), and Surulere (75.9%). Income distribution ranged from subsistencelevel earnings (₦100,000/year) in Ogbomoso North (66.7%) and Ogo-Oluwa (60.0%). Feed resource diversity varied significantly, with higher use of concentrates and industrial by-products in Ogo-Oluwa and Surulere. Management systems ranged from extensive (Surulere, 86.2%) to intensive (Ogo-Oluwa, 100%), with significant differences (P < 0.05). Mange prevalence was highest in Oriire (100%), with low adoption of neem extract for control. Recommendations include promoting semi-intensive management, targeted feed supplementation, and herbal-based disease control to enhance sustainability and farmer livelihoods.
MINERAL COMPOSITION AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS OF SOME SELECTED FORAGES AS FEED FOR SMALL RUMINANTS
Authors:
Adebayo, B. J. and Rabiu, L.A.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 28
MINERAL COMPOSITION AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS OF SOME SELECTED FORAGES AS FEED FOR SMALL RUMINANTS
The mineral composition and anti-nutritional factors of five selected plants Alchornea cordifolia, Caricapapaya, Derris trifoliata, Leucaena leucocephala and Heteropogon cortortus were evaluated. Flamephotometer was used to determine Na, K, and Ca while Zn and Fe were assayed. Anti- nutritional factors(ANFs) including phytate, oxalate, saponin, alkaloid and tannin were also determined using appropriatetechnique. The result of the mineral analysis indicates that Heteropogon cortortus had significantly(P<0.05) highest values for Na (0.326%), Ca (0.359%), P (0.41%), Fe (148.80ppm), Zn (81.95ppm), Mn(61.65ppm) and Cu (19.05ppm). Derris trifoliata had significantly (P<0.05) higher value for Mg(0.443%) while Alchornea cordifolia recorded a lower value of 0.242% for Mg. There were significant(P<0.05) differences in all the anti-nutritional factors analysed except in saponin. The highest saponinnumerical value (0.433%) was observed in Derris trifoliata while the least value 0.260% was observed inAlchornea cordifolia. Tannin values ranged between 0.0047% and 0.0073% in Alchornea cordifolia andDerris trifoliata respectively. The significantly (P<0.05) highest oxalate value (0.315%) was recorded inHeteropogon cortortus while the least value (0.205%) was observed in Alchornea cordifolia. The resultsshowed that the selected plants were of high nutritional quality due to the high mineral contents withmoderate presence of anti-nutritional factors, and may therefore form good feed resources for ruminantanimal production.
HAEMATO-SEROLOGICAL INDICES OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED BOILED WILD AERIEL YAM (DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA) MEAL-BASED DIETS
Authors:
Metiabasi D. Udo, Glory D. Eyoh and Akaninyene F. Udo.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 28
HAEMATO-SEROLOGICAL INDICES OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED BOILED WILD AERIEL YAM (DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA) MEAL-BASED DIETS
An animal's blood profile reflects its overall health condition. This study evaluated the haematological and
serum biochemical effects of feeding West African dwarf (WAD) goats diets containing boiled wild
Dioscorea bulbifera meal at 0% (control, T1), 10% (T2), 20% (T3), and 30% (T4) inclusion levels, alongside
rice bran, brewers dried grains, palm kernel cake, bone meal, and salt. Sixteen goats were assigned to four
treatments in a completely randomised design with four replicates each. After eight weeks, blood samples
from two goats per treatment were analysed for haematological and serum biochemical parameters. Results
showed significant differences (p0.05) in red blood cells,
white blood cells and globulin. Although some of the parameters exhibited significant (p<0.05) differences
in their values among the treatment groups, data obtained for all the parameters were within the normal
ranges for healthy WAD goats, indicating that boiled wild Dioscorea bulbifera at 10–30% inclusion had no
adverse effects on blood profiles, thus being a safe non-conventional feedstuff for West African dwarf
goats. Further research involving inclusion level above 30% is therefore suggested to ascertain the safe
level of wild aerial yam as a nonconventional feedstuff to WAD goats.
EFFECT OF TREATED Sorghum cultivar (MASAKWA) STOVER SUPPLEMENTED WITH GRADED LEVELS OF Eichhornia crassipes (WATER HYACINTH) ON GROWTH PERFORMACE OF YANKASA RAMS
Authors:
Saidu, S. G, Abdullahi, S, Adamu B, and Yahaya Babawuro.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 5
Downloads: 32
EFFECT OF TREATED Sorghum cultivar (MASAKWA) STOVER SUPPLEMENTED WITH GRADED LEVELS OF Eichhornia crassipes (WATER HYACINTH) ON GROWTH PERFORMACE OF YANKASA RAMS
The study investigated the dry matter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG), water intake (WI) andfeed conversion ratio (FCR) of Yankasa rams fed treated sorghum cultivar (Maskwa) Stoversupplemented with graded levels of water hyacinth. The experiments were conducted at Federal Collegeof Education Yola Teaching and Research farm. The objective of the study were to determine the drymatter intake (DMI), live weight gain (LWG), water intake (WI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Theweights of the animals were measured before the commencement of the experiment and weekly weightgain were also taken. The formulated diets were offered at 08.00 to 09.30 am and 03:00 to 03: 30pm.T1 (control) = Molasses treated masakwa Stover, T2= Molasses treated masakwa Stover plus 100g ofwater hyacinth, T3= Molasses treated Masakwa Stover plus 200g of water hyacinth and T4= Molassestreated masakwa Stover plus 300g of water hyacinth. The dry matter intake ranged from (844.69 to947.69 gram/anima/day), total weight gain recorded (297.50 to 385.60kg), water intake recorded (2.89to 3.25l/h/day) and feed conversion ratio (2.03 to 5.20) which showed significant difference (P<0.05)among the treatment. Therefore, the result of this study showed that treated Masakwa Stoversupplemented with water hyacinth should be used as a diet for Yankasa rams since the inclusion ofthese feeds had positive effects on dry mater intake 947.69 gram //animal/day live weight gain (57.78ram/animal/day) and feed conversion ratio (2.03) of the animals. Farmers can use 300g of waterhyacinth to supplement Molasses treated Masakwa stover to feed rams.
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN YEARLING WEST AFRICAN DWARF BUCKS FED UREA-TREATED CORN COB-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FRESH MANGO (Mangifera indica) Leaf During The Dry Season
Authors:
Kwaghfan, S., Shaapera, T. A., and Chia, N., F.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 6
Downloads: 29
GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN YEARLING WEST AFRICAN DWARF BUCKS FED UREA-TREATED CORN COB-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH FRESH MANGO (Mangifera indica) Leaf During The Dry Season
Goats suffer from poor quality and inadequate quantity of forages during the dry season in the tropics. This
results in stunted growth and poor meat yield. An 84-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the growth
performance and haematological profile of yearling West African Dwarf bucks fed diets containing varying
levels (0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%) of urea-treated corn cob supplemented with mango fresh (Mangifera
indica) leaves during the dry season between January and March. Twenty bucks (8 ± 0.42 kg) were
randomly assigned to four dietary treatments, with each treatment having 5 goats and each goat serving as
a replicate, in a completely randomised design. Results showed that goats fed a 60% urea-treated corn cobbased diet exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher total weight gain (2.46 kg) and daily weight gain
(29.36 g/day) compared to other treatments. Dry matter intake was highest at 20% inclusion.
Haematological indices, including RBC, MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and monocytes, were
influenced (P < 0.05) but remained within normal physiological ranges, indicating no adverse health
effects. It was concluded that up to 60% urea-treated corn cob can be included in the diets of yearling West
African Dwarf bucks during the dry season to enhance growth without compromising health.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) LEAVES SUPPLEMENTED WITH BREWERS DRIED GRAINS ON CARCASS AND BLOOD PARAMETERS TO WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
Authors:
Abdullahi, M; Abdullahi, S, Addass, P. A., Salihu, S. S., Nasuru, J., Danladi, Z. S Midalah, B. D and Aliyu, S
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 5
Downloads: 412
EFFECTS OF FEEDING MAHOGANY (Swietenia macrophylla) LEAVES SUPPLEMENTED WITH BREWERS DRIED GRAINS ON CARCASS AND BLOOD PARAMETERS TO WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS
The experiment was conducted at Adamawa State University farm in the small ruminant unit. The pen was
demarcated into four treatments and each treatment was replicated three times making a total of twelve
experimental animals. The objective of this study was to determine proximate composition, hematology,
serum biochemistry parameters and carcass characteristics of West African Dwarf goats fed mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla) leaves. The treatments were T1, T2, T3 and T4 that received Mahogany leaves basaldiet which were supplemented with 0g, 50g, 100g, and 150g of brewers’ dried grain (BDG) acrosstreatments. Randomized Completely Design (CRD) was employed in the study. The result obtained from
the study showed that feeding mahogany leaves supplemented with brewers dried grains enhanced the
quality of carcass especially the West African dwarf goats. Effects of the experimental diets on blood
profiles of the experimental animals showed that the PCV values which indicate the relative proportion of
plasma and red blood cells were 39.61 to 41.23% respectively. Hemoglobin (Hb) values of 5.75 - 6.55 g/dl
recorded in this study may be an indication of the healthy animal, effects of the experimental diets on
carcass characteristics of West African dwarf goat’s showed that the weights of blood ranged from 315.00g
(T4) to 452.00g (T3). The Hides/skin, non-carcass, digestive organs, fore and hind limbs weights were
significantly (p < 0.05) different across treatments. Results of the research revealed that feeding mahogany
(Swietenia macrophylla) leaves gives healthier animals and impacts superior qualities of carcass. It is
therefore recommended that mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaves could be used as basal diet for
fattening goats with little supplementation. However, the mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) leaves should
be substituted at higher levels.
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTE FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDING
Authors:
Modu-Kagu, H.A., Mohammed, A., Adamu, J., Kolo, U.M., Abbator, F.I., BabakuraImam, Y.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 31
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLE WASTE FOR LIVESTOCK FEEDING
This study evaluated the chemical composition, dry matter degradability, and invitro gas production of
selected fruit and vegetable by-products to determine their suitability as ruminant feed. Dry matter
content ranged from 80.07% to 94.50%, suggesting good shelf-life. Crude protein levels (5.15–16.65%)
showed that many by-products met the minimum protein requirement for ruminant maintenance. Dry
matter degradability varied significantly, with some by-products exceeding 50% after 48 hours,
indicating high digestibility. Invitro gas production also varied, with orange peel producing the highest
volume (70.10 mL at 48 h), followed by carrot tops and cabbage waste, demonstrating strong
fermentability. Conversely, pawpaw and banana peels had the lowest gas volumes. Overall, orange peel,
carrot tops, and cabbage waste show promise as alternative energy sources in ruminant diets, while less
fermentable by-products may need to be part of mixed rations to enhance their utility.
Potential Value of Sesban (Sesbania Sesban) Fodder and Napier Grass Hay Mixture Diets on the Growth Performance of West African Dwarf Growing Bucks
Authors:
Adebisi, I.A., Ajibike, A.B., Okunlola, O.O., Adeniyi, O.A., Alalade, J.A., Mustapha, T.B., Bako, B.A., Omojowo, D.D., Akanmu, O.C., Adesope, A. T and Ogunrinade, O.H
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 7
Potential Value of Sesban (Sesbania Sesban) Fodder and Napier Grass Hay Mixture Diets on the Growth Performance of West African Dwarf Growing Bucks
Growth performance of West African Dwarf (WAD) bucks fed Sesbania sesban forage with Napier grass hay mixture diet for 90days feeding trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology Igbo-ora, Nigeria. Sixteen (16) growing WAD bucks between 6 - 9 months of weighing 6.00-10.00kg were randomly allocated to four (4) treatments with 4 bucks per
treatment and 2 bucks per replicate in a completely randomized design, and were fed daily with varied experimental diets (T1 = 100%NG hay (100NG); T2 = 25%NG + 75%SS hay (25NG75SS); T3 = 50%NG+50%SS hay (50NG50SS); T4 = 100%SS hay (100SS)) with a 500g concentrate diet for individual animals. There were significant (P<0.05) differences in all parameters determined on growth performance
across the dietary treatments. Buck maintained on T4 diet had the highest daily feed intake (283.19g/d), while the lowest value (235.98g/d) for DFI was recorded on bucks fed diet T₁. The results revealed that bucks fed diet T₁ recorded the least daily weight gain (20.56g/d) while the highest daily weight gain(25.33g/d) was recorded in bucks fed diet T4. Hence, bucks fed diet T3, that contained 50%NG + 50%SS hay mixture recorded the best feed utilization value of 11.10. The study revealed that the 50%NG + 50%SS hay mixture diet has a good nutrient profile and enhanced feed utilization in terms of feed conversion ratio (FCR) by the bucks.
Effect of Ginger-Garlic Mixture on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of Uda Rams
Authors:
Shuaibu, A.Y., Jibrin, T.A., Tijjani, A.A., Maigandi, S.A., Aljameel, K.M
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 5
Downloads: 28
Effect of Ginger-Garlic Mixture on Nutrient Intake and Digestibility of Uda Rams
The use of phytogenic feed additives such as ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum)
offers a natural alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in ruminant nutrition. Despite their known
bioactive properties, data on their combined use in indigenous breeds like Uda rams remain limited.
A basal diet was formulated and supplemented with three different ginger-garlic mixtures: GGM1 (1:1;
ginger to garlic), GGM2 (2:1; ginger to garlic), and GGM3 (1:2; ginger to garlic), each at a rate of 5
g/kg of diet. Sixteen yearling intact Uda rams (average weight: 20.5 kg) were assigned in a completely
randomized design to four treatment groups: T1 (Control), T2 (GGM1), T3 (GGM2), and T4 (GGM3).
Rams were individually housed, and the trial lasted for nine weeks. Feed intake was measured daily,
and digestibility was evaluated through total faecal collection. Nutrient intake and digestibility were
evaluated. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA and treatment means were established withDuncan’s Multiple Range Test at P<0.05. The result showed that Rams receiving GGM2 exhibited
significantly higher dry matter and crude protein digestibility compared to other treatments. Conversely,
a garlic-dominant blend (GGM3) reduced feed intake and digestibility. Dietary supplementation with a
2:1 ginger-garlic mixture enhances nutrient utilization in Uda rams without compromising feed intake.
This phytogenic blend offers a practical strategy to improve ruminant feed efficiency.
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF COTTONSEED CAKE AND POULTRY LITTER AS SUPPLEMENT IN TOTAL MIXED RATIO ON HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF FATTENING YANKASA RAMS
Authors:
Kaganami, M., Kolo, U.M., Mohammed, B. M, Maru, A.S., Musa, I.A., Zannah, B.B, Mohammed, A., Mohammed, A.K., Shettima, S, and Mam, M.S.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 4
Downloads: 31
EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF COTTONSEED CAKE AND POULTRY LITTER AS SUPPLEMENT IN TOTAL MIXED RATIO ON HAEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF FATTENING YANKASA RAMS
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of graded levels of cottonseed cake and poutry litter
based diets on the haematological indices of fattening rams. Sixteen (16) rams with an average weight
of 25kg-35kg were allotted to four treatments. The treatments evaluated were 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%
for treatment 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively in a Complete Randomized Design (C R D). The results showed
on significance (P>0.05) difference among the treatment mean. For Packed Cell Volume (PCV),
Haemoglobin (HB), White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Mean Corpuscular Volume
(MCV), Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Haemoglobin Concentration
(MCHC). The results obtained showed that all the haemotological parameters obtained were within the
normal range values. It is concluded that inclusion of cottonseed cake and poultry litter in diets of
fattening rams have no any effect on treatment and effects on parameters evaluated.
RUMEN PROFILE OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED WITH DIFFERENT PROCESSED FORMS OF Piliostigma reticulatum PODS
Authors:
Yusuf, A., Makanjuola, P. O. Garba, M. G., Lamido, M. and Madigawa, L. I.
Volume: 30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Pages: 1 – 5
Downloads: 8
RUMEN PROFILE OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED WITH DIFFERENT PROCESSED FORMS OF Piliostigma reticulatum PODS
Nine weeks feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding different processed Piliostigma
reticulatum pods on rumen profile of Red Sokoto bucks. Twelve bucks with an average initial weight of 9
± 2 kg were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments in a completely randomized design that
consisted 30% P. reticulatum pods designated as T1 (control), T2 (soaked) and T3 (roasted), formulated
to provide 12% crude protein. The parameters evaluated were; rumen pH, temperature and total volatile
fatty acids. The data generated were analyzed and difference among the means were separated using least
significant difference. The results revealed that significant differences (P0.05) different among the treatments, though T3 recorded the highest
numerical value (23.00), followed by T1 (19.00) and T2 (18.33). Rumen temperature differed
significantly (P<0.05) with T1 recording the highest temperature (17.00°C), followed by T3 (16.67°C)
and T2 (15.00°C). The study concluded that roasting P. reticulatum pods maintained higher rumen pH
within the optimal range for cellulolytic activity, while soaking better preserved crude protein but resulted
in lower pH values. These findings suggest that roasting as a processing method of P. reticulatum pods
can be strategically employed to meet specific nutritional objectives in small ruminant feeding systems.