Conference Proceedings
30th Annual Conference Proceedings of ASAN
Prof. Suleiman Makama YASHIM , Prof. Abdulmojeed Yakubu , Prof. Uchelle Okpanachi, Dr. Bello Mummuni Munza
Articles 201 Papers
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BLENDED RATIOS OF WHEAT OFFAL AND WET SORGHUM BREWER RESIDUE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN-VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF BLENDED RATIOS OF WHEAT OFFAL AND WET SORGHUM BREWER RESIDUE
This study evaluated the chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of blended ratios of wheat offal
and wet sorghum brewer residue. Fresh wet sorghum brewer residue (WSBR) was collected from local
gin (Burukutu) producers and blended with wheat offal (w/w); 1WO: 1WSBR, 1WO: 1.5WSBR, 1WO:
1.2WSBR, 1WO: 2.5WSB, 1WO: 1.3WSBR and 1WO: 3.5WSBR, arranged in a Completely
Randomised Design. The blends were air-dried for 3 days. Samples of blended ratios were analysed for
chemical composition, and in-vitro digestibility study according to standard procedures. The dry matter
contents of ratios 1:1, 1:2, 1:2.5, 1:3 and 1:3.5 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the 1:1.5 ratio. The
crude fibre content significantly increased (p<0.05) as the blended ratio increased. The carbohydrate
fractions of 1:2, 1:2.5 and 1:3 were significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of ratios 1:1 and 1:1.5. The
neutral detergent fibre was significantly higher (p<0.05) in ratio 1:3.5 than other blended ratios
Furthermore, the hemicellulose content was significantly highest (p<0.05) in ratios 1:1.5, 1:2.5 as well as
1:3 than ratio 1:1 and least 1:3.5. The gas production was significantly highest (p<0.05) ratio 1:1 from 3 -
24 hours of in-vitro digestibility compared to other ratios. It could be therefore concluded that increasing
blended ratios of wheat offal and wet sorghum brewer residue led to improved nutrient contents and invitro dry matter digestibility.
METHANE MITIGATION POTENTIALS OF BIOCHAR
METHANE MITIGATION POTENTIALS OF BIOCHAR
The increasing demand for livestock products due to improved living standards raises environmental
concerns, especially regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ruminants. Enteric methane, a
potent GHG, contributes significantly to climate change and represents an energy loss of about 12% in
ruminants. Biochar, a carbon-rich product obtained through pyrolysis, has shown potential in mitigating
methane emissions. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of biochar on in vitro gas characteristics
and methane production. Biochar was included in feed at 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, with feed and biochar
alone serving as controls in a completely randomised design (p<0.05). Results showed that gas production
was higher(p<0.05) in feed alone (16.8 mL) and lowerin biochar alone (3.3 mL). Inclusion of 0.5% biochar
promoted gas production similar to feed, while higher inclusions reduced it. Methane production decreased
significantly (p<0.05) with increasing biochar levels in feed, with the lower at 1.5% inclusion. These
findings suggest that biochar can enhance fermentation efficiency and reduce methane emissions, offering
a sustainable strategy for mitigating GHG emissions in ruminant production systems.
DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF PROCESSED MOTHERS DELIGHT ORANGE FLESHED SWEET POTATO PEELS
DETERMINATION OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF PROCESSED MOTHERS DELIGHT ORANGE FLESHED SWEET POTATO PEELS
A study was conducted to determine the proximate composition of fresh, sun-dried and fermented orange
fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) peels. A small quantity of the tubers of orange fleshed sweet
potato was harvested from the farmland of Akwa Ibom State Ministry of Agriculture, Ikot Enwang, Ikot
Ekpene Local government area of Akwa Ibom State. The fresh sweet potato tubers were washed, peeled
and ground for analysis. For the sun-drying method, the sweet potato tubers were washed, peeled and
sun-dried in a free environment devoid of dirt and contamination to about 5-10% moisture; thereafter, it
was ground for analysis. In the fermentation method, some tubers were washed, peeled, sun dried to about
5-10% moisture and then put into an airtight container for seven (7) days. All samples were analysed in
triplicate at the Biochemistry Laboratory of the University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. The percentage
nitrogen free extract was higher (P<0.05) in fresh sweet potato peel (88.60 %) than sun-dried and
fermented peels (64.69 % and 61.18%), higher percentage of dry matter, ash, ether extract and crude fibre
content were recorded in sun-dried sweet potato peel (87.12, 13.8, 4.38 and 9.95 %respectively)while
fermented method had the highest crude protein content and metabolizable energy (18.12 % and 3751.42
Kcal/gDM).
Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder Supplementation on Water Intake and Thermoregulation in Yankasa Rams
Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Powder Supplementation on Water Intake and Thermoregulation in Yankasa Rams
This study evaluated the effects of dietary garlic (Allium sativum) powder on water intake, water intake
patterns, and thermoregulatory responses in Yankasa rams. Eighteen rams were assigned to three dietary
treatments: Control (0% garlic), Low garlic (1.5% of dry matter [DM]), and High garlic (3.0% DM) over a
90-day trial. Garlic supplementation significantly reduced mean daily water intake by up to 18% (p < 0.05),
particularly during midday. Supplemented rams also showed modest but significant reductions in rectal
temperature (~0.3°C) and respiration rate (~10 breaths/min). These improvements in thermotolerance may
be attributed to garlic’s effects on rumen fermentation, microbiota modulation, and metabolic efficiency.
Garlic supplementation thus represents a promising nutritional strategy to enhance water use efficiency and
resilience to heat stress in ruminant systems.
EFFECTS OF GARLIC EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SHEEP FED CONCENTRATE DIET IN A SEMI-RID ZONE OF MAIDUGURI
EFFECTS OF GARLIC EXTRACT ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF SHEEP FED CONCENTRATE DIET IN A SEMI-RID ZONE OF MAIDUGURI
The study was conducted to determine the effects of garlic extract on the growth performance of sheep
fed a concentrate diet in a semi-arid zone of Maiduguri. A total of Sixteen (16) sheep with an average
weight of 21.56kg were used for the study. The animals were assigned to four (4) treatments drenched
with (0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5ml of garlic extracts as T1 (control), T2, T3 and T4, respectively) in a completely
randomised design (CRD) with four (4) animals per group and each animal as a replicate. The animals
were fed the concentrate diet at 3% of their body weight and water ad libitum. The results of the growth
performance showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in feed intake between the
treatment groups. While the daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio differ significantly (P<0.05)
between the treatment groups. In conclusion, sheep drenched with 7.5ml of garlic extract had the best
growth performance, and it is recommended to use an additive to the feed.
IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF DUCKWEED
IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF DUCKWEED
High feed cost of ingredients for compounding concentrates and shortage of quality pasture for
ruminant all year round is a major constraints for ruminant production in Nigeria. This result in
starvation, malnutrition and growth retardation of animals during the dry season. This challenge
called for a research into alternative feed or feedstuff that could be utilized for ruminants. In
the light of the above, some aquatic weeds especially duckweed (Lemna spp) that has not been
fully explored as feed stuffs for ruminant in Nigeria were considered. In this context, evaluating
the proximate composition and in vitro digestibility of different species of duckweed is
essential. Different species of lemna which include Lemna paucicosta, Spirodela polyrhiza and
Lemna aequinoctialis were collected, weighed and ovendried at 60oC,rumen liqour was
collected from 3 WAD rams for invitro gas fermentation for degradability, organic matter
digestibility (OMD) short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and metabolizable energy (ME). Data were
analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. In vitro fermentation results showed
significant differences in metabolizable energy ranges from 3.60 to 4.26MJ/kg DM and organic
matter digestibility which ranges from 73.91 to 310.24%. There was no significant difference
in short chain fatty acids and Methane production, reinforcing the relationship between
duckweed digestibility and methane emissions. Moreso, the result also revealed significant
difference in Dry matter degradability which ranges from (82.70-88.60). In conclusion, the
study highlighted the potential of duckweed as a high-nutrient feed additive for livestock,
offering an eco-friendly alternative to conventional feed ingredients.
NITROGEN RETENTION AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF SHEEP FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH UREA-MOLASSES TREATED RICE-STRAW
NITROGEN RETENTION AND SERUM BIOCHEMISTRY OF SHEEP FED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH UREA-MOLASSES TREATED RICE-STRAW
The study was conducted to determine the effect of Urea-Molasses Treated Rice-Straw (UMTRS)
supplementation on nitrogen retention and serum biochemistry of sheep. Twenty- four West African
dwarf male sheep of about 6 – 7 months old were randomly allotted to four treatment diets with six
sheep per treatment in a completely randomised design. The compared treatment diets ED1, ED2, ED3
and ED4 contained 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of UMTRS supplementation respectively. The results
showed that sheep on ED1 had significantly (p<0.05) higher triglycerides and cholesterol. Nitrogen
intake, nitrogen balance with retention, total protein and albumin were significantly (p<0.05)
increased for sheep on diet ED2. Faecal, urinary and total nitrogen output, glucose, and creatinine with
urea were significantly higher (p0.05) affected
by sheep on treatment diets. It can be concluded that supplementation of UMTRS in diets enhanced
nitrogen retention and serum biochemistry of sheep on diets ED2, and ED3 than other diets.
Growth Performance and Haemato-biochemical Indices of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Dried Bovine Rumen Digesta
Growth Performance and Haemato-biochemical Indices of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Dried Bovine Rumen Digesta
This study evaluated the growth performance and haemato-biochemical indices of West African Dwarf
(WAD) goats fed diets containing Dried Bovine Rumen Digesta. Twelve 12 growing goats (2–4 months
old; average weight 8.65 ± 1.8 kg) were assigned randomly to three (3) treatments in a completely
randomized design with four (4) replicates each: T1 (0% DBRD), T2 (15% DBRD), and T3 (30% DBRD).
The experiment lasted eight (8) weeks. Parameters measured included feed intake, weight gain, feed
efficiency ratio, haematology and serum biochemistry. Results showed that DBRD inclusion did not
significantly (P>0.05) affect final weight, though goats on T3 had the higher weight gain (0.74 kg) and feed
intake (17.85 kg). Haematological parameters were mostly within reference ranges, with significant
differences only in WBC (with T3 having the highest count of 14,500uL and T2 having the least count of
10,200uL) and Neutrophils (with values of T2 (55) and T3 (54) which were not significantly different from
each other). Serum biochemistry indicated non-significant (P<0.05) variation in ALT and AST, suggesting
possible mild liver stress at higher DBRD inclusion levels. Overall, diets with 30% DBRD improved
performance without major adverse effects, though long-term health implications require further study.
Growth Response of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Phyllanthus amarus Meal Supplement
Growth Response of West African Dwarf Goats Fed Phyllanthus amarus Meal Supplement
The growth response of WAD goat fed Chanca piedra meal supplement were investigated. Sixteen (16)
West African Dwarf goats with average initial weight of 9.21kg and are yearlings were used in 12 weeks
feeding trial. The WAD goats were allotted to four (4) dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized
Design (CRD). Chanca piedra were gathered, the leaves were air-dried, milled into powdered form and
preserved for inclusion in the experimental diets. Other feed ingredients include cassava peels, wheat offal,
palm kernel cake, ruminant premix, Di-calcium phosphate and salt. The experimental diets were diet 1, 2,
3 and 4, respectively. Treatment 1 is control diet, T2 is 0.03%, T3 is 0.05% and T4 is 0.08% of Chanca
piedra inclusion. The growth response of WAD goats fed the experimental diet indicated that higher
(P<0.05) final weight was observed at T3 (15.35%) which was significant (P<0.05) and it is significantly
different from T4 (13.88%), although T1 and T2 are significantly similar which were 12.10% and 12.50%,
respectively. The result showed that all the dietary inclusion levels are satisfactory for WAD goats.
Inclusion level of 0.05% Chanca piedra had better overall result when fed to WAD goats.
NUTRIENT INTAKE AND FERMENTATION PARAMETERS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING VARYING LEVELS OF Momordica charantia POWDER
NUTRIENT INTAKE AND FERMENTATION PARAMETERS OF WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING VARYING LEVELS OF Momordica charantia POWDER
Twenty (20) West African dwarf (WAD) goats were subjected to four (4) dietary treatments containing
Momordica charantia leaf powder (MCLP) at varying inclusion levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 g/kg DM) to
assess its effect on nutrient intake and fermentation parameters. Megathrysus maximus was fed as a
basal diet and concentrate diet as supplement in a ratio of 60:40. The experiment was laid out in a
completely randomized design and it lasted for 90 days. Results showed that MCLP inclusion increased
(P0.05) differences in pH, total volatile fatty acids and ammonia
nitrogen at 0hour across all treatments except for ammonia nitrogen concentration at 4hours. It was
therefore concluded that for increased nutrient intake, MCLP can be included in the diet of WAD goats
up to 30g/kg DM